Normalization
Normalization (Audio Level Adjustment)
The process of adjusting the overall volume of an audio recording so that its loudest point reaches a target level, ensuring consistent loudness across different tracks or recordings.
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Peak normalization scales the entire waveform so the highest sample reaches 0 dBFS (or a specified target), maintaining dynamic range but not perceived loudness. Loudness normalization (EBU R128, ITU-R BS.1770) adjusts based on LUFS (Loudness Units Full Scale) measurements, which better reflect human perception by weighting frequencies. Spotify targets -14 LUFS, YouTube -13 LUFS, and Apple Music -16 LUFS. In the Web Audio API, GainNode adjusts volume dynamically, while offline processing via OfflineAudioContext enables full-file analysis before normalization.
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```javascript
// Normalization: Web Audio API example
const audioCtx = new AudioContext();
const response = await fetch('audio.mp3');
const buffer = await audioCtx.decodeAudioData(await response.arrayBuffer());
const source = audioCtx.createBufferSource();
source.buffer = buffer;
source.connect(audioCtx.destination);
source.start();
```